CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE by Robiul Setiawan

CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE

A. Classification based on the occurrence of marine

The process is based on the sea is divided into 3 parts:

a.       Marine transgression

Marine transgression (which extends north), is due to positive changes in sea level (widespread). These surface changes due to rising sea levels or land that down, so that parts of the low land flooded by sea water. This change occurred during the Ice Age. Examples of marine species is the Java sea, the sea Arafuru and North seas.

b.      Sea Ingresi

Ingresi sea, the sea is due to land subsidence on the seabed. Therefore, the sea is also often called the sea off the ground. Subsidence on the seabed to form deep sea and ocean trenches. Depths of the ocean or basin is a decrease in the seabed that is round. For example the bottom of Sulu, Sulawesi deep, deep depths of Banda and the Caribbean. While the Sea Trench or trog is a decrease in the seabed elongated shape. Examples Mindanao trench 1,085 m-deep, that it Sunda trench 7450 m-deep trench Japan and the 9433 m-deep Mariana Trench 10 683 m (the deepest in the world).

c.       Regression sea

Marine regression, is a narrow sea. Narrowing is due to the deposition of the rocks (sand, mud, etc.) are carried by sungaisungai which empties into the sea. Narrowing of the sea a lot happening on the northern coast of Java island.

B. Marine classification based on its location

Based on its location form the sea is divided three parts:

a.       Edge of the sea

Edge of the sea (ocean side), is located on the sea continental margins (continental) and as thoughseparated from the ocean by the islands or the mainland peninsula. ExamplesSouth China Sea islands are separated by islands of Indonesia and the Philippines.

b.      Mid-ocean

Mid-ocean, the sea that lies between the continents. Sea inand has a cluster of islands. For example the Mediterranean between the African continent,Asia and Europe, the sea ice on the continents of North America and Asia with others.

c.       Inland sea

Inland marine, ocean-sea is almost entirely surrounded by land. For example the Caspian Sea, Black Sea and the Dead Sea. Under the sea depth is divided into four regions (zones), namely: Lithoral zone, neritic zone, zone and zone Bathyal Abysal.

C. Classification based on deep sea

Based on the deep sea is divided into four zones, namely: lithoral zone, zone neuritis, bathial zone, zone abisal.

a.       Zone Lithoral

Lithoral zone, the coastal areas or coastal or shore. In this region the flooded during high tide and low tide at the turn into the mainland. Therefore, this region is often called tidal areas.

b.       Zone Neritis

Neritic zone (shallow water areas), that of the tidal boundary to a depth of 150 m. In this zone can still be penetrated by the sun so that the region's most numerous different types of life of both animals and plants. For example the Java Sea, the Natuna Sea, the Malacca Strait and the seas around the islands of Riau.

c.       Zone bathial

Bathyal zone (marine areas), is a marine area that has a depth between 150 m to 1800 m. This region can not be penetrated by sunlight, and therefore not as much as the life of the organism found in neritic areas.

d.      Zone Abisal

Abyssal Zone (deep sea areas), the marine area that has a depth of over 1800 m. In this region the temperature is very cold and there is no vegetation. Types of animals that can live in this region is very limited.

D. Marine classification based on the parts

Based on the seabed relief, sea bgai into 4 parts:

a.       Continental shelf

Continental shelf (continental shelf) is the sea floor adjacent to the continent. On the seabed is often found also that resembles the valley of the river. Some river valley located in the Continental Shelf is a proof that the Brazilians were once part of mainland continental shelf which later sank.

b.      Continental Slope

Continental slope (continental slope) can usually be found at the edge of the continental shelf. Continental slope area can reach a depth of 1500 m with a slope angle is usually not more than 5 degrees.

c.       Continental deep sea plain

Deep sea plain covers two-thirds of the entire bottom of the sea and is located at depths over 1,500 m, usually relief in this area varies from flat to the volcanic peak sticking above the surface of the sea as an isolated island.

d.      Continental the Deeps

The Deeps is the opposite of deep sea plain. Only a small part as the bottom of the ocean deeps. The deeps sea level is the basic characteristic of the sea with sea trenches (trog) and achieve a greater depth, for example in the Pacific Ocean reaches a depth of 75 000 m.

In Indonesia there are two plates or shallow, shallow Sunda and Sahul.

a.       Shallow Sunda

Term in Indonesia for naming geological terrain or exposure to western Indonesia, covering the island of Borneo, Sumatra, and the islands and seabed transgression (marine Java, Natuna Sea, in the southern South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca); before the Pleistocene Period to be one unity with the continent of Asia.

Shoal area boundary to the east of the Sunda "Wallace Line" that crossed the line from the eastern waters of the island of Mindanao (Philippines) continues into the Sulawesi Sea, Makassar Strait, the Straits of Lombok and ends at Ocean Indonesia. Sea-marine transgression in the shallow Sunda an average depth of 200 m.

b.      Shallow Sahul

Banks are shallow sea that lies between Paua and Aru islands called the Eastern Indonesia in the days Divillium union with Australia so there are similarities between Indonesia and Australia.

2. Sea ​​trench

Trog trough is an area of ​​ocean or sea ingressi elongated shape. For example, the Mindanao Trench (10 830 meters), Sunda Trench (7450 ​​m), and so forth.

3. Depths of the sea

Depths of the ocean or "basin" tectonic force due, the ocean ingressi and round. For example, Lubuk Sulu, Sulawesi Lubuk, Lubuk Banda, and so forth.

4. Seamounts

Sea mountain is the mountain whose foot is on the sea floor. Sometimes the sea mountain peak up high above the sea. For example, Mount Krakatau, Maona Loa in Hawaii.

5. Sea Squad

Back row of the sea is a unit or a hill in the sea. For example, back Sibolga sea.

Movement of Sea Water

There are three things that will be discussed in connection with the movement of ocean water is the ocean currents, ocean waves and tides.

a.   Sea currents Ocean currents or sea currents are the movement of ocean water masses from one place to another either vertically or horizontally according to the current location can be divided into two currents that flow up and down. The current flow is moving at sea. While the current is moving air currents beneath the ocean surface. Enal his Menurutsuhu us to the current hot and cold currents. Heat flow is a flow when its temperature is hotter than the regions traversed. Was not it cold currents flow where the temperature is colder than the regions in its path.

b.  Sea waves of the ocean waves or wave motion of sea water is the most common and easy to observe. Helmholts explain the basic principles of ocean waves as follows: If two objects of different mass density (density) against each other, then the field will form a wave motion. Waves occur for several reasons, among others:

Because of the wind. Wave is due to the friction of wind on the surface, therefore the direction of the wave in the direction of the wind.

Due to hit the beach. Waves to the beach and the waves will be broken. The water is broken it will be reverse flow and form a wave, so will the opposite direction to the direction of the wave.

The earthquake. Ocean waves due to earthquakes on the ocean floor. The quake occurred because of an erupting volcano or the sea vibration / shift in the earth's crust on the seafloor. Generated waves are usually large and often called the wave of "tsunami". For example, when the Krakatoa volcano erupted in 1883, resulted in a lot of tsunami waves caused many losses.

c.     Tidal (Ocean Tide)

Ebb tide and sea water is a form of movement that occurs due to the influence of gravity towards the earth moon and sun. It is based on Newton's law which says: Two things will happen attract each other with a force inversely proportional to the square of the distance. Under the law means that the greater / smaller the further away its appeal. Since the distance from earth to the sun is more distant than the distance of the moon, the tidal sea level is more influenced by the moon.

Benefits of Flow

Movement-sea fisheries affect the movement of plankton (phytoplankton). Many places there are many planktonnya usually congregate fish. Therefore, for the fishermen, information about the movement of ocean water can be utilized to detect the places where the gathering of various types of fish.

Sports Tourism-surfing, rowing, diving, sailboat races and others that many factors account for the movement of ocean water is in great demand by tourists. Sports such as windsurfing him, in need of a big wave.

Sea-Farming Information on the movement of ocean water is indispensable for farmers engaged in farming the sea. For example, farmers who do business in the field of marine farming (such as seaweed farming, cultivation of oysters, pearls, and deodorized), if you do not take into account the movement of ocean water, then the farm will be washed away by the sea water so that the crop failures.

Utilization of marine waters

In addition to earth-ground oil, petroleum is also found on the seabed, such as oil fields in the Timor gap, Natuna Sea, South China Sea and others.

As we know, salt is a mineral salt that is in need right by our bodies. Decision made by drying the salt sea water.

-Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate is necessary as the manufacture of potash. Calcium carbonate is derived from seaweed

Energy-sea temperature difference, tidal waves and winds over the ocean has the potential if used as a source of energy ..

-Education and Research For students, scientists and other marine enthusiasts, the sea is a laboratory that can be used as a means to make education and research in marine science (oceanography).

Distribution of marine waters in Indonesia

There are three things that will be discussed in this issue that limits Archipelago Sea, Continental Shelf Limits and exclusive economic znne (EEZ). Indonesia called a maritime country, Indonesia as an archipelago means that most of its territory consists of the sea. Thus we have a specific administratively in terms of state boundaries. This is in contrast with countries that are located on land that has only one kind of state border is directly adjacent to the territorial boundaries with other countries in sekitarnya.Tentang boundary of a country has been agreed by the countries belonging to the United Nations (UN). Consistent with the Conference of the International Law of the Sea has been agreed, Indonesia has three sea frontiers yaitu Territorial sea boundary, Boundary Continental Shelf and Zone Exclusive Economic (ZEE).

a.      Limit TeritorialLaut Sea archipelago is located between the sea islands bounded by the bottom line of the island. While the territorial sea boundary is a limit of the full sovereignty of Indonesia means that other countries are not allowed to enter these areas without the permission of our country. However, Indonesia also provide shipping lanes as traffic infrastructure of peace. In this track Indonesia has full rights to exploit the resources contained therein. Territorial sea boundary is drawn as far as 12 nautical miles from the coastline juts farthest into the sea (1 nautical mile = 1.852 km). Determining the point of the beach which is used as the basis for measurement is to find the most distant coastline jutting into the sea. After the meet and then the line was sought on average at the time of high tide to low tide. This line is called the base line. From the base line is then measured as far as 12 miles into the ocean to determine the territorial sea limit.

b.     KontinenLandas Continental Shelf Boundary (Continental Shelf) is part of the continent submerged by seawater. To determine whether the seabed is a continuation of a continent, normally seen from the structure of its constituent rocks (geology). The most easily observed, the continental shelf has a depth of not more than 150 meters. While the limit is the limit of the Continental Shelf seabed natural resources can be managed by the country concerned. Continental Shelf Boundary measured from baseline to the outside at least 200 nautical miles distant. If there are two countries that co-exist in one of the continental shelf at a distance of less than 200 miles, then to determine the limits of the continental shelf for the two countries is done by dividing the two areas are equidistant from their respective coastlines. Our country is located at 2 the continental shelf (continental shelf of western Asia and Australia continental shelf in the east), then both the Indonesian border with Malaysia and Thailand (in the west) and Indonesia to Australia (in the east) to both use the Shelf Boundaries Continent. Continental Shelf Limits Indonesia with Malaysia and Thailand in the Malacca Strait, Continental Shelf Limits Indonesia and Australia in the strait Arafuru. Indonesia has the full right to manage the natural resources contained on the ocean floor that is still in the area of ​​Continental Shelf Limits with respect and without disturbing the peace of shipping traffic. Another thing to be ignored is dandilindungi interests on the issues: security and defense, transportation, telecommunications and electricity transmission under the sea, fishing, scientific research and nature reserves.

c.      Zone Exclusive Economic (ZEE) are the areas bordering such seas south west of the island of Java and Sumatra islands bordering the Indian Ocean or the North Maluku, which borders the Pacific Ocean. ZEE 200 nautical miles measured from the most distant coastline jutting into the sea (bottom line). In this region of Indonesia has the right and the first opportunity to manage the natural resources contained therein without interfering with traffic, there is peace in the region. Outside the ZEE is a sea that anyone can use it as long as he could.