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WATER CYCLE by Robiul Setiawan

CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE by Robiul Setiawan

CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE

A. Classification based on the occurrence of marine

The process is based on the sea is divided into 3 parts:

a.       Marine transgression

Marine transgression (which extends north), is due to positive changes in sea level (widespread). These surface changes due to rising sea levels or land that down, so that parts of the low land flooded by sea water. This change occurred during the Ice Age. Examples of marine species is the Java sea, the sea Arafuru and North seas.

b.      Sea Ingresi

Ingresi sea, the sea is due to land subsidence on the seabed. Therefore, the sea is also often called the sea off the ground. Subsidence on the seabed to form deep sea and ocean trenches. Depths of the ocean or basin is a decrease in the seabed that is round. For example the bottom of Sulu, Sulawesi deep, deep depths of Banda and the Caribbean. While the Sea Trench or trog is a decrease in the seabed elongated shape. Examples Mindanao trench 1,085 m-deep, that it Sunda trench 7450 m-deep trench Japan and the 9433 m-deep Mariana Trench 10 683 m (the deepest in the world).

c.       Regression sea

Marine regression, is a narrow sea. Narrowing is due to the deposition of the rocks (sand, mud, etc.) are carried by sungaisungai which empties into the sea. Narrowing of the sea a lot happening on the northern coast of Java island.

B. Marine classification based on its location

Based on its location form the sea is divided three parts:

a.       Edge of the sea

Edge of the sea (ocean side), is located on the sea continental margins (continental) and as thoughseparated from the ocean by the islands or the mainland peninsula. ExamplesSouth China Sea islands are separated by islands of Indonesia and the Philippines.

b.      Mid-ocean

Mid-ocean, the sea that lies between the continents. Sea inand has a cluster of islands. For example the Mediterranean between the African continent,Asia and Europe, the sea ice on the continents of North America and Asia with others.

c.       Inland sea

Inland marine, ocean-sea is almost entirely surrounded by land. For example the Caspian Sea, Black Sea and the Dead Sea. Under the sea depth is divided into four regions (zones), namely: Lithoral zone, neritic zone, zone and zone Bathyal Abysal.

C. Classification based on deep sea

Based on the deep sea is divided into four zones, namely: lithoral zone, zone neuritis, bathial zone, zone abisal.

a.       Zone Lithoral

Lithoral zone, the coastal areas or coastal or shore. In this region the flooded during high tide and low tide at the turn into the mainland. Therefore, this region is often called tidal areas.

b.       Zone Neritis

Neritic zone (shallow water areas), that of the tidal boundary to a depth of 150 m. In this zone can still be penetrated by the sun so that the region's most numerous different types of life of both animals and plants. For example the Java Sea, the Natuna Sea, the Malacca Strait and the seas around the islands of Riau.

c.       Zone bathial

Bathyal zone (marine areas), is a marine area that has a depth between 150 m to 1800 m. This region can not be penetrated by sunlight, and therefore not as much as the life of the organism found in neritic areas.

d.      Zone Abisal

Abyssal Zone (deep sea areas), the marine area that has a depth of over 1800 m. In this region the temperature is very cold and there is no vegetation. Types of animals that can live in this region is very limited.

D. Marine classification based on the parts

Based on the seabed relief, sea bgai into 4 parts:

a.       Continental shelf

Continental shelf (continental shelf) is the sea floor adjacent to the continent. On the seabed is often found also that resembles the valley of the river. Some river valley located in the Continental Shelf is a proof that the Brazilians were once part of mainland continental shelf which later sank.

b.      Continental Slope

Continental slope (continental slope) can usually be found at the edge of the continental shelf. Continental slope area can reach a depth of 1500 m with a slope angle is usually not more than 5 degrees.

c.       Continental deep sea plain

Deep sea plain covers two-thirds of the entire bottom of the sea and is located at depths over 1,500 m, usually relief in this area varies from flat to the volcanic peak sticking above the surface of the sea as an isolated island.

d.      Continental the Deeps

The Deeps is the opposite of deep sea plain. Only a small part as the bottom of the ocean deeps. The deeps sea level is the basic characteristic of the sea with sea trenches (trog) and achieve a greater depth, for example in the Pacific Ocean reaches a depth of 75 000 m.

In Indonesia there are two plates or shallow, shallow Sunda and Sahul.

a.       Shallow Sunda

Term in Indonesia for naming geological terrain or exposure to western Indonesia, covering the island of Borneo, Sumatra, and the islands and seabed transgression (marine Java, Natuna Sea, in the southern South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca); before the Pleistocene Period to be one unity with the continent of Asia.

Shoal area boundary to the east of the Sunda "Wallace Line" that crossed the line from the eastern waters of the island of Mindanao (Philippines) continues into the Sulawesi Sea, Makassar Strait, the Straits of Lombok and ends at Ocean Indonesia. Sea-marine transgression in the shallow Sunda an average depth of 200 m.

b.      Shallow Sahul

Banks are shallow sea that lies between Paua and Aru islands called the Eastern Indonesia in the days Divillium union with Australia so there are similarities between Indonesia and Australia.

2. Sea ​​trench

Trog trough is an area of ​​ocean or sea ingressi elongated shape. For example, the Mindanao Trench (10 830 meters), Sunda Trench (7450 ​​m), and so forth.

3. Depths of the sea

Depths of the ocean or "basin" tectonic force due, the ocean ingressi and round. For example, Lubuk Sulu, Sulawesi Lubuk, Lubuk Banda, and so forth.

4. Seamounts

Sea mountain is the mountain whose foot is on the sea floor. Sometimes the sea mountain peak up high above the sea. For example, Mount Krakatau, Maona Loa in Hawaii.

5. Sea Squad

Back row of the sea is a unit or a hill in the sea. For example, back Sibolga sea.

Movement of Sea Water

There are three things that will be discussed in connection with the movement of ocean water is the ocean currents, ocean waves and tides.

a.   Sea currents Ocean currents or sea currents are the movement of ocean water masses from one place to another either vertically or horizontally according to the current location can be divided into two currents that flow up and down. The current flow is moving at sea. While the current is moving air currents beneath the ocean surface. Enal his Menurutsuhu us to the current hot and cold currents. Heat flow is a flow when its temperature is hotter than the regions traversed. Was not it cold currents flow where the temperature is colder than the regions in its path.

b.  Sea waves of the ocean waves or wave motion of sea water is the most common and easy to observe. Helmholts explain the basic principles of ocean waves as follows: If two objects of different mass density (density) against each other, then the field will form a wave motion. Waves occur for several reasons, among others:

Because of the wind. Wave is due to the friction of wind on the surface, therefore the direction of the wave in the direction of the wind.

Due to hit the beach. Waves to the beach and the waves will be broken. The water is broken it will be reverse flow and form a wave, so will the opposite direction to the direction of the wave.

The earthquake. Ocean waves due to earthquakes on the ocean floor. The quake occurred because of an erupting volcano or the sea vibration / shift in the earth's crust on the seafloor. Generated waves are usually large and often called the wave of "tsunami". For example, when the Krakatoa volcano erupted in 1883, resulted in a lot of tsunami waves caused many losses.

c.     Tidal (Ocean Tide)

Ebb tide and sea water is a form of movement that occurs due to the influence of gravity towards the earth moon and sun. It is based on Newton's law which says: Two things will happen attract each other with a force inversely proportional to the square of the distance. Under the law means that the greater / smaller the further away its appeal. Since the distance from earth to the sun is more distant than the distance of the moon, the tidal sea level is more influenced by the moon.

Benefits of Flow

Movement-sea fisheries affect the movement of plankton (phytoplankton). Many places there are many planktonnya usually congregate fish. Therefore, for the fishermen, information about the movement of ocean water can be utilized to detect the places where the gathering of various types of fish.

Sports Tourism-surfing, rowing, diving, sailboat races and others that many factors account for the movement of ocean water is in great demand by tourists. Sports such as windsurfing him, in need of a big wave.

Sea-Farming Information on the movement of ocean water is indispensable for farmers engaged in farming the sea. For example, farmers who do business in the field of marine farming (such as seaweed farming, cultivation of oysters, pearls, and deodorized), if you do not take into account the movement of ocean water, then the farm will be washed away by the sea water so that the crop failures.

Utilization of marine waters

In addition to earth-ground oil, petroleum is also found on the seabed, such as oil fields in the Timor gap, Natuna Sea, South China Sea and others.

As we know, salt is a mineral salt that is in need right by our bodies. Decision made by drying the salt sea water.

-Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate is necessary as the manufacture of potash. Calcium carbonate is derived from seaweed

Energy-sea temperature difference, tidal waves and winds over the ocean has the potential if used as a source of energy ..

-Education and Research For students, scientists and other marine enthusiasts, the sea is a laboratory that can be used as a means to make education and research in marine science (oceanography).

Distribution of marine waters in Indonesia

There are three things that will be discussed in this issue that limits Archipelago Sea, Continental Shelf Limits and exclusive economic znne (EEZ). Indonesia called a maritime country, Indonesia as an archipelago means that most of its territory consists of the sea. Thus we have a specific administratively in terms of state boundaries. This is in contrast with countries that are located on land that has only one kind of state border is directly adjacent to the territorial boundaries with other countries in sekitarnya.Tentang boundary of a country has been agreed by the countries belonging to the United Nations (UN). Consistent with the Conference of the International Law of the Sea has been agreed, Indonesia has three sea frontiers yaitu Territorial sea boundary, Boundary Continental Shelf and Zone Exclusive Economic (ZEE).

a.      Limit TeritorialLaut Sea archipelago is located between the sea islands bounded by the bottom line of the island. While the territorial sea boundary is a limit of the full sovereignty of Indonesia means that other countries are not allowed to enter these areas without the permission of our country. However, Indonesia also provide shipping lanes as traffic infrastructure of peace. In this track Indonesia has full rights to exploit the resources contained therein. Territorial sea boundary is drawn as far as 12 nautical miles from the coastline juts farthest into the sea (1 nautical mile = 1.852 km). Determining the point of the beach which is used as the basis for measurement is to find the most distant coastline jutting into the sea. After the meet and then the line was sought on average at the time of high tide to low tide. This line is called the base line. From the base line is then measured as far as 12 miles into the ocean to determine the territorial sea limit.

b.     KontinenLandas Continental Shelf Boundary (Continental Shelf) is part of the continent submerged by seawater. To determine whether the seabed is a continuation of a continent, normally seen from the structure of its constituent rocks (geology). The most easily observed, the continental shelf has a depth of not more than 150 meters. While the limit is the limit of the Continental Shelf seabed natural resources can be managed by the country concerned. Continental Shelf Boundary measured from baseline to the outside at least 200 nautical miles distant. If there are two countries that co-exist in one of the continental shelf at a distance of less than 200 miles, then to determine the limits of the continental shelf for the two countries is done by dividing the two areas are equidistant from their respective coastlines. Our country is located at 2 the continental shelf (continental shelf of western Asia and Australia continental shelf in the east), then both the Indonesian border with Malaysia and Thailand (in the west) and Indonesia to Australia (in the east) to both use the Shelf Boundaries Continent. Continental Shelf Limits Indonesia with Malaysia and Thailand in the Malacca Strait, Continental Shelf Limits Indonesia and Australia in the strait Arafuru. Indonesia has the full right to manage the natural resources contained on the ocean floor that is still in the area of ​​Continental Shelf Limits with respect and without disturbing the peace of shipping traffic. Another thing to be ignored is dandilindungi interests on the issues: security and defense, transportation, telecommunications and electricity transmission under the sea, fishing, scientific research and nature reserves.

c.      Zone Exclusive Economic (ZEE) are the areas bordering such seas south west of the island of Java and Sumatra islands bordering the Indian Ocean or the North Maluku, which borders the Pacific Ocean. ZEE 200 nautical miles measured from the most distant coastline jutting into the sea (bottom line). In this region of Indonesia has the right and the first opportunity to manage the natural resources contained therein without interfering with traffic, there is peace in the region. Outside the ZEE is a sea that anyone can use it as long as he could.

Kinds of Surface Water and Groundwater By Robiul Setiawan

 

Kinds of Surface Water and Groundwater

Water is the source of life that can not be replaced by anything else. Without water humans, animals and plants would not be alive. Water on earth can be classified into two types:

A.  Ground Water

Ground water is water in deep the soil surface. Ground water can be again divided into two, namely the soil water and ground water artesian preatis.

a.       Groundwater Preatis

Preatis ground water is ground water that is located not far from the ground surface and above the impermeable layer / an impermeable.

b.      Soil water artesian

Artesian groundwater is located very deep in the ground and located between two impermeable layers.

B.   Surface Water

Surface water is water in the soil surface and can easily be seen by our eyes. Examples of surface water such as seas, rivers, lakes, times, swamps, ponds, and so forth. Surface water can be divided into two types:

a.       Inland waters

Inland water is surface water which is above the land such as swamps, lakes, rivers, and so forth.

b.      Sea waters

Marine waters are surface water in the ocean. Examples such as sea water at sea.

DESCRIPTION OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE by robiul setiawan

DESCRIPTION OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

 The scientific discipline in the field of physical geography that deals with the water cycle is called hydrology. It is concerned with the origin, distribution, and properties of water on the globe. Consequently, the water cycle is also called the hydrologic cycle in many scientific textbooks and educational materials. Most people have heard of the science of meteorology and many also know about the science of oceanography because of the exposure that each discipline has had on television. People watch TV weather personalities nearly every day. Celebrities such as Jacques Cousteau have helped to make oceanography a commonly recognized science. In a broad context, the sciences of meteorology and oceanography describe parts of a series of global physical processes involving water that are also major components of the science of hydrology. Geologists describe another part of the physical processes by addressing groundwater movement within the planet's subterranean features. Hydrologists are interested in obtaining measurable information and knowledge about the water cycle. Also important is the measurement of the amount of water involved in the transitional stages that occur as the water moves from one process within the cycle to other processes. Hydrology, therefore, is a broad science that utilizes information from a wide range of other sciences and integrates them to quantify the movement of water. The fundamental tools of hydrology are based in supporting scientific techniques that originated in mathematics, physics, engineering, chemistry, geology, and biology. Consequently, hydrology uses developed concepts from the sciences of meteorology, climatology, oceanography, geography, geology, glaciology, limnology (lakes), ecology, biology, agronomy, forestry, and other sciences that specialize in other aspects of the physical, chemical or biological environment. Hydrology, therefore, is one of the interdisciplinary sciences that is the basis for water resources development and water resources management.

The global water cycle can be described with nine major physical processes which form a continuum of water movement. Complex pathways include the passage of water from the gaseous envelope around the planet called the atmosphere, through the bodies of water on the surface of earth such as the oceans, glaciers and lakes, and at the same time (or more slowly) passing through the soil and rock layers underground. Later, the water is returned to the atmosphere. A fundamental characteristic of the hydrologic cycle is that it has no beginning an it has no end. It can be studied by starting at any of the following processes: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, interception, infiltration, percolation, transpiration, runoff, and storage.

The information presented below is a greatly simplified description of the major contributing physical processes. They include: 

EVAPORATION
Evaporation occurs when the physical state of water is changed from a liquid state to a gaseous state. A considerable amount of heat, about 600 calories of energy for each gram of water, is exchanged during the change of state. Typically, solar radiation and other factors such as air temperature, vapor pressure, wind, and atmospheric pressure affect the amount of natural evaporation that takes place in any geographic area. Evaporation can occur on raindrops, and on free water surfaces such as seas and lakes. It can even occur from water settled on vegetation, soil, rocks and snow. There is also evaporation caused by human activities. Heated buildings experience evaporation of water settled on its surfaces. Evaporated moisture is lifted into the atmosphere from the ocean, land surfaces, and water bodies as water vapor. Some vapor always exists in the atmosphere.

CONDENSATION
Condensation is the process by which water vapor changes it's physical state from a vapor, most commonly, to a liquid. Water vapor condenses onto small airborne particles to form dew, fog, or clouds. The most active particles that form clouds are sea salts, atmospheric ions caused by lightning,and combustion products containing sulfurous and nitrous acids. Condensation is brought about by cooling of the air or by increasing the amount of vapor in the air to its saturation point. When water vapor condenses back into a liquid state, the same large amount of heat ( 600 calories of energy per gram) that was needed to make it a vapor is released to the environment. 

PRECIPITATION
Precipitation is the process that occurs when any and all forms of water particles fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground. There are two sub-processes that cause clouds to release precipitation, the coalescence process and the ice-crystal process. As water drops reach a critical size, the drop is exposed to gravity and frictional drag. A falling drop leaves a turbulent wake behind which allows smaller drops to fall faster and to be overtaken to join and combine with the lead drop. The other sub-process that can occur is the ice-crystal formation process. It occurs when ice develops in cold clouds or in cloud formations high in the atmosphere where freezing temperatures occur. When nearby water droplets approach the crystals some droplets evaporate and condense on the crystals. The crystals grow to a critical size and drop as snow or ice pellets. Sometimes, as the pellets fall through lower elevation air, they melt and change into raindrops.

Precipitated water may fall into a waterbody or it may fall onto land. It is then dispersed several ways. The water can adhere to objects on or near the planet surface or it can be carried over and through the land into stream channels, or it may penetrate into the soil, or it may be intercepted by plants.

When rainfall is small and infrequent, a high percentage of precipitation is returned to the atmosphere by evaporation.

The portion of precipitation that appears in surface streams is called runoff. Runoff may consist of component contributions from such sources as surface runoff, subsurface runoff, or ground water runoff. Surface runoff travels over the ground surface and through surface channels to leave a catchment area called a drainage basin or watershed. The portion of the surface runoff that flows over the land surface towards the stream channels is called overland flow. The total runoff confined in the stream channels is called the streamflow. 

INTERCEPTION
Interception is the process of interrupting the movement of water in the chain of transportation events leading to streams. The interception can take place by vegetal cover or depression storage in puddles and in land formations such as rills and furrows.

When rain first begins, the water striking leaves and other organic materials spreads over the surfaces in a thin layer or it collects at points or edges. When the maximum surface storage capability on the surface of the material is exceeded, the material stores additional water in growing drops along its edges. Eventually the weight of the drops exceed the surface tension and water falls to the ground. Wind and the impact of rain drops can also release the water from the organic material. The water layer on organic surfaces and the drops of water along the edges are also freely exposed to evaporation.

Additionally, interception of water on the ground surface during freezing and sub-freezing conditions can be substantial. The interception of falling snow and ice on vegetation also occurs. The highest level of interception occurs when it snows on conifer forests and hardwood forests that have not yet lost their leaves. 

INFILTRATION
Infiltration is the physical process involving movement of water through the boundary area where the atmosphere interfaces with the soil. The surface phenomenon is governed by soil surface conditions. Water transfer is related to the porosity of the soil and the permeability of the soil profile. Typically, the infiltration rate depends on the puddling of the water at the soil surface by the impact of raindrops, the texture and structure of the soil, the initial soil moisture content, the decreasing water concentration as the water moves deeper into the soil filling of the pores in the soil matrices, changes in the soil composition, and to the swelling of the wetted soils that in turn close cracks in the soil.

Water that is infiltrated and stored in the soil can also become the water that later is evapotranspired or becomes subsurface runoff.

 

PERCOLATION
Percolation is the movement of water though the soil, and it's layers, by gravity and capillary forces. The prime moving force of groundwater is gravity. Water that is in the zone of aeration where air exists is called vadose water. Water that is in the zone of saturation is called groundwater. For all practical purposes, all groundwater originates as surface water. Once underground, the water is moved by gravity. The boundary that separates the vadose and the saturation zones is called the water table. Usually the direction of water movement is changed from downward and a horizontal component to the movement is added that is based on the geologic boundary conditions.

Geologic formations in the earth's crust serve as natural subterranean reservoirs for storing water. Others can also serve as conduits for the movement of water. Essentially, all groundwater is in motion. Some of it, however, moves extremely slowly. A geologic formation which transmits water from one location to another in sufficient quantity for economic development is called an aquifer. The movement of water is possible because of the voids or pores in the geologic formations. Some formations conduct water back to the ground surface. A spring is a place where the water table reaches the ground surface. Stream channels can be in contact with an unconfined aquifer that approach the ground surface. Water may move from the ground into the stream, or visa versa, depending on the relative water level. Groundwater discharges into a stream forms the base flow of the stream during dry periods, especially during droughts. An influent stream supplies water to an aquifer while and effluent stream receives water from the aquifer. 

TRANSPIRATION
Transpiration is the biological process that occurs mostly in the day. Water inside of plants is transferred from the plant to the atmosphere as water vapor through numerous individual leave openings. Plants transpire to move nutrients to the upper portion of the plants and to cool the leaves exposed to the sun. Leaves undergoing rapid transpiration can be significantly cooler than the surrounding air. Transpiration is greatly affected by the species of plants that are in the soil and it is strongly affected by the amount of light to which the plants are exposed. Water can be transpired freely by plants until a water deficit develops in the plant and it water-releasing cells (stomata) begin to close. Transpiration then continues at a must slower rate. Only a small portion of the water that plants absorb are retained in the plants.

Vegetation generally retards evaporation from the soil. Vegetation that is shading the soil, reduces the wind velocity. Also, releasing water vapor to the atmosphere reduces the amount of direct evaporation from the soil or from snow or ice cover. The absorption of water into plant roots, along with interception that occurs on plant surfaces offsets the general effects that vegetation has in retarding evaporation from the soil. The forest vegetation tends to have more moisture than the soil beneath the trees. 

RUNOFF
Runoff is flow from a drainage basin or watershed that appears in surface streams. It generally consists of the flow that is unaffected by artificial diversions, storages or other works that society might have on or in a stream channel. The flow is made up partly of precipitation that falls directly on the stream , surface runoff that flows over the land surface and through channels, subsurface runoff that infiltrates the surface soils and moves laterally towards the stream, and groundwater runoff from deep percolation through the soil horizons. Part of the subsurface flow enters the stream quickly, while the remaining portion may take a longer period before joining the water in the stream. When each of the component flows enter the stream, they form the total runoff. The total runoff in the stream channels is called streamflow and it is generally regarded as direct runoff or base flow. 

STORAGE
There are three basic locations of water storage that occur in the planetary water cycle. Water is stored in the atmosphere; water is stored on the surface of the earth, and water stored in the ground.

Water stored in the atmosphere can be moved relatively quickly from one part of the planet to another part of the planet. The type of storage that occurs on the land surface and under the ground largely depend on the geologic features related to the types of soil and the types of rocks present at the storage locations. Storage occurs as surface storage in oceans, lakes, reservoirs, and glaciers; underground storage occurs in the soil, in aquifers, and in the crevices of rock formations.

The movement of water through the eight other major physical processes of the water cycle can be erratic. On average, water the atmosphere is renewed every 16 days. Soil moisture is replaced about every year. Globally, waters in wetlands are replaced about every 5 years while the residence time of lake water is about 17 years. In areas of low development by society, groundwater renewal can exceed 1,400 years. The uneven distribution and movement of water over time, and the spatial distribution of water in both geographic and geologic areas, can cause extreme phenomena such as floods and droughts to occur.