Robi'ul Setiawan
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Sunday, 29 December 2013
Friday, 17 August 2012
Thursday, 16 August 2012
CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE by Robiul Setiawan
CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE
A.
Classification based on the occurrence of marine
The
process is based on the sea is divided into 3 parts:
a.
Marine transgression
Marine
transgression (which extends north), is due to positive changes in sea level
(widespread). These surface changes due to rising sea levels or land that down,
so that parts of the low land flooded by sea water. This change occurred during
the Ice Age. Examples of marine species is the Java sea, the sea Arafuru and
North seas.
b.
Sea Ingresi
Ingresi
sea, the sea is due to land subsidence on the seabed. Therefore, the sea is
also often called the sea off the ground. Subsidence on the seabed to form deep
sea and ocean trenches. Depths of the ocean or basin is a decrease in the
seabed that is round. For example the bottom of Sulu, Sulawesi deep, deep
depths of Banda and the Caribbean. While the Sea Trench or trog is a decrease
in the seabed elongated shape. Examples Mindanao trench 1,085 m-deep, that it
Sunda trench 7450 m-deep trench Japan and the 9433 m-deep Mariana Trench 10 683
m (the deepest in the world).
c.
Regression sea
Marine
regression, is a narrow sea. Narrowing is due to the deposition of the rocks
(sand, mud, etc.) are carried by sungaisungai which empties into the sea.
Narrowing of the sea a lot happening on the northern coast of Java island.
B. Marine
classification based on its location
Based
on its location form the sea is divided three parts:
a.
Edge of the sea
Edge
of the sea (ocean side), is located on the sea continental margins (continental)
and as thoughseparated from the ocean by the islands or the mainland peninsula.
ExamplesSouth China Sea islands are separated by islands of Indonesia and the
Philippines.
b.
Mid-ocean
Mid-ocean,
the sea that lies between the continents. Sea inand has a cluster of islands.
For example the Mediterranean between the African continent,Asia and Europe,
the sea ice on the continents of North America and Asia with others.
c.
Inland sea
Inland
marine, ocean-sea is almost entirely surrounded by land. For example the Caspian
Sea, Black Sea and the Dead Sea. Under the sea depth is divided into four
regions (zones), namely: Lithoral zone, neritic zone, zone and zone Bathyal
Abysal.
C.
Classification based on deep sea
Based
on the deep sea is divided into four zones, namely: lithoral zone, zone
neuritis, bathial zone, zone abisal.
a.
Zone Lithoral
Lithoral zone, the coastal areas or
coastal or shore. In this region the flooded during high tide and low tide at
the turn into the mainland. Therefore, this region is often called tidal areas.
b.
Zone Neritis
Neritic zone (shallow water areas), that
of the tidal boundary to a depth of 150 m. In this zone can still be penetrated
by the sun so that the region's most numerous different types of life of both
animals and plants. For example the Java Sea, the Natuna Sea, the Malacca
Strait and the seas around the islands of Riau.
c.
Zone bathial
Bathyal zone (marine areas), is a marine
area that has a depth between 150 m to 1800 m. This region can not be
penetrated by sunlight, and therefore not as much as the life of the organism
found in neritic areas.
d.
Zone Abisal
Abyssal Zone (deep sea areas), the
marine area that has a depth of over 1800 m. In this region the temperature is
very cold and there is no vegetation. Types of animals that can live in this
region is very limited.
D. Marine
classification based on the parts
Based
on the seabed relief, sea bgai into 4 parts:
a.
Continental shelf
Continental shelf (continental shelf) is
the sea floor adjacent to the continent. On the seabed is often found also that
resembles the valley of the river. Some river valley located in the Continental
Shelf is a proof that the Brazilians were once part of mainland continental
shelf which later sank.
b.
Continental Slope
Continental slope (continental slope)
can usually be found at the edge of the continental shelf. Continental slope
area can reach a depth of 1500 m with a slope angle is usually not more than 5
degrees.
c.
Continental deep sea plain
Deep sea plain covers two-thirds of the
entire bottom of the sea and is located at depths over 1,500 m, usually relief
in this area varies from flat to the volcanic peak sticking above the surface
of the sea as an isolated island.
d.
Continental the Deeps
The Deeps is the opposite of deep sea plain.
Only a small part as the bottom of the ocean deeps. The deeps sea level is the
basic characteristic of the sea with sea trenches (trog) and achieve a greater
depth, for example in the Pacific Ocean reaches a depth of 75 000 m.
In Indonesia
there are two plates or shallow, shallow Sunda and Sahul.
a. Shallow Sunda
Term
in Indonesia for naming geological terrain or exposure to western Indonesia,
covering the island of Borneo, Sumatra, and the islands and seabed
transgression (marine Java, Natuna Sea, in the southern South China Sea and the
Straits of Malacca); before the Pleistocene Period to be one unity with the
continent of Asia.
Shoal
area boundary to the east of the Sunda "Wallace Line" that crossed
the line from the eastern waters of the island of Mindanao (Philippines)
continues into the Sulawesi Sea, Makassar Strait, the Straits of Lombok and
ends at Ocean Indonesia. Sea-marine transgression in the shallow Sunda an
average depth of 200 m.
b. Shallow Sahul
Banks
are shallow sea that lies between Paua and Aru islands called the Eastern
Indonesia in the days Divillium union with Australia so there are similarities
between Indonesia and Australia.
2. Sea trench
Trog trough is an
area of ocean or sea ingressi elongated shape. For example, the Mindanao
Trench (10 830 meters), Sunda Trench (7450 m), and so forth.
3. Depths of the sea
Depths of the ocean
or "basin" tectonic force due, the ocean ingressi and round. For
example, Lubuk Sulu, Sulawesi Lubuk, Lubuk Banda, and so forth.
4. Seamounts
Sea mountain is the
mountain whose foot is on the sea floor. Sometimes the sea mountain peak up
high above the sea. For example, Mount Krakatau, Maona Loa in Hawaii.
5. Sea Squad
Back row of the sea
is a unit or a hill in the sea. For example, back Sibolga sea.
Movement of Sea
Water
There are three
things that will be discussed in connection with the movement of ocean water is
the ocean currents, ocean waves and tides.
a. Sea currents
Ocean currents or sea currents are the movement of ocean water masses from one
place to another either vertically or horizontally according to the current
location can be divided into two currents that flow up and down. The current
flow is moving at sea. While the current is moving air currents beneath the
ocean surface. Enal his Menurutsuhu us to the current hot and cold currents.
Heat flow is a flow when its temperature is hotter than the regions traversed.
Was not it cold currents flow where the temperature is colder than the regions
in its path.
b. Sea waves of
the ocean waves or wave motion of sea water is the most common and easy to
observe. Helmholts explain the basic principles of ocean waves as follows: If
two objects of different mass density (density) against each other, then the
field will form a wave motion. Waves occur for several reasons, among others:
Because of the
wind. Wave is due to the friction of wind on the surface, therefore the
direction of the wave in the direction of the wind.
Due to hit the
beach. Waves to the beach and the waves will be broken. The water is broken it
will be reverse flow and form a wave, so will the opposite direction to the
direction of the wave.
The earthquake.
Ocean waves due to earthquakes on the ocean floor. The quake occurred because
of an erupting volcano or the sea vibration / shift in the earth's crust on the
seafloor. Generated waves are usually large and often called the wave of
"tsunami". For example, when the Krakatoa volcano erupted in 1883,
resulted in a lot of tsunami waves caused many losses.
c.
Tidal (Ocean Tide)
Ebb
tide and sea water is a form of movement that occurs due to the influence of
gravity towards the earth moon and sun. It is based on Newton's law which says:
Two things will happen attract each other with a force inversely proportional
to the square of the distance. Under the law means that the greater / smaller
the further away its appeal. Since the distance from earth to the sun is more
distant than the distance of the moon, the tidal sea level is more influenced
by the moon.
Benefits of Flow
Movement-sea
fisheries affect the movement of plankton (phytoplankton). Many places there
are many planktonnya usually congregate fish. Therefore, for the fishermen,
information about the movement of ocean water can be utilized to detect the
places where the gathering of various types of fish.
Sports Tourism-surfing,
rowing, diving, sailboat races and others that many factors account for the
movement of ocean water is in great demand by tourists. Sports such as
windsurfing him, in need of a big wave.
Sea-Farming
Information on the movement of ocean water is indispensable for farmers engaged
in farming the sea. For example, farmers who do business in the field of marine
farming (such as seaweed farming, cultivation of oysters, pearls, and
deodorized), if you do not take into account the movement of ocean water, then
the farm will be washed away by the sea water so that the crop failures.
Utilization of marine waters
In addition to
earth-ground oil, petroleum is also found on the seabed, such as oil fields in
the Timor gap, Natuna Sea, South China Sea and others.
As we know, salt is
a mineral salt that is in need right by our bodies. Decision made by drying the
salt sea water.
-Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate is necessary as the manufacture of potash. Calcium carbonate
is derived from seaweed
Energy-sea
temperature difference, tidal waves and winds over the ocean has the potential
if used as a source of energy ..
-Education and
Research For students, scientists and other marine enthusiasts, the sea is a
laboratory that can be used as a means to make education and research in marine
science (oceanography).
Distribution of marine waters in
Indonesia
There are three
things that will be discussed in this issue that limits Archipelago Sea,
Continental Shelf Limits and exclusive economic znne (EEZ). Indonesia called a
maritime country, Indonesia as an archipelago means that most of its territory
consists of the sea. Thus we have a specific administratively in terms of state
boundaries. This is in contrast with countries that are located on land that
has only one kind of state border is directly adjacent to the territorial
boundaries with other countries in sekitarnya.Tentang boundary of a country has
been agreed by the countries belonging to the United Nations (UN). Consistent
with the Conference of the International Law of the Sea has been agreed, Indonesia
has three sea frontiers yaitu Territorial sea boundary, Boundary Continental
Shelf and Zone Exclusive Economic (ZEE).
a. Limit
TeritorialLaut Sea archipelago is located between the sea islands bounded by
the bottom line of the island. While the territorial sea boundary is a limit of
the full sovereignty of Indonesia means that other countries are not allowed to
enter these areas without the permission of our country. However, Indonesia
also provide shipping lanes as traffic infrastructure of peace. In this track
Indonesia has full rights to exploit the resources contained therein.
Territorial sea boundary is drawn as far as 12 nautical miles from the
coastline juts farthest into the sea (1 nautical mile = 1.852 km). Determining
the point of the beach which is used as the basis for measurement is to find
the most distant coastline jutting into the sea. After the meet and then the
line was sought on average at the time of high tide to low tide. This line is
called the base line. From the base line is then measured as far as 12 miles
into the ocean to determine the territorial sea limit.
b. KontinenLandas
Continental Shelf Boundary (Continental Shelf) is part of the continent
submerged by seawater. To determine whether the seabed is a continuation of a
continent, normally seen from the structure of its constituent rocks (geology).
The most easily observed, the continental shelf has a depth of not more than
150 meters. While the limit is the limit of the Continental Shelf seabed natural
resources can be managed by the country concerned. Continental Shelf Boundary
measured from baseline to the outside at least 200 nautical miles distant. If
there are two countries that co-exist in one of the continental shelf at a
distance of less than 200 miles, then to determine the limits of the
continental shelf for the two countries is done by dividing the two areas are
equidistant from their respective coastlines. Our country is located at 2 the
continental shelf (continental shelf of western Asia and Australia continental
shelf in the east), then both the Indonesian border with Malaysia and Thailand
(in the west) and Indonesia to Australia (in the east) to both use the Shelf
Boundaries Continent. Continental Shelf Limits Indonesia with Malaysia and
Thailand in the Malacca Strait, Continental Shelf Limits Indonesia and
Australia in the strait Arafuru. Indonesia has the full right to manage the
natural resources contained on the ocean floor that is still in the area of
Continental Shelf Limits with respect and without disturbing the peace of
shipping traffic. Another thing to be ignored is dandilindungi interests on the
issues: security and defense, transportation, telecommunications and
electricity transmission under the sea, fishing, scientific research and nature
reserves.
c. Zone Exclusive
Economic (ZEE) are the areas bordering such seas south west of the island of
Java and Sumatra islands bordering the Indian Ocean or the North Maluku, which
borders the Pacific Ocean. ZEE 200 nautical miles measured from the most
distant coastline jutting into the sea (bottom line). In this region of
Indonesia has the right and the first opportunity to manage the natural
resources contained therein without interfering with traffic, there is peace in
the region. Outside the ZEE is a sea that anyone can use it as long as he
could.
Kinds of Surface Water and Groundwater By Robiul Setiawan
Kinds of Surface Water and
Groundwater
Water is the source of life that can not be
replaced by anything else. Without water humans, animals and plants would not
be alive. Water on earth can be classified into two types:
A. Ground Water
Ground water is
water in deep the soil surface. Ground water can be again
divided into two, namely the soil water and ground water artesian preatis.
a. Groundwater Preatis
Preatis ground
water is ground water that is located not far from the ground surface and above
the impermeable layer / an impermeable.
b. Soil water artesian
Artesian
groundwater is located very deep in the ground and located between two
impermeable layers.
B. Surface Water
Surface water is
water in the soil surface and can easily be seen by our eyes. Examples of
surface water such as seas, rivers, lakes, times, swamps, ponds, and so forth.
Surface water can be divided into two types:
a. Inland waters
Inland water is
surface water which is above the land such as swamps, lakes, rivers, and so forth.
b. Sea waters
Marine waters are
surface water in the ocean. Examples such as sea water at sea.
DESCRIPTION OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE by robiul setiawan
DESCRIPTION
OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
The
scientific discipline in the field of physical geography that deals with the
water cycle is called hydrology. It is concerned with the origin, distribution,
and properties of water on the globe. Consequently, the water cycle is also
called the hydrologic cycle in many scientific textbooks and educational
materials. Most people have heard of the science of meteorology and many also
know about the science of oceanography because of the exposure that each
discipline has had on television. People watch TV weather personalities nearly
every day. Celebrities such as Jacques Cousteau have helped to make
oceanography a commonly recognized science. In a broad context, the sciences of
meteorology and oceanography describe parts of a series of global physical processes
involving water that are also major components of the science of hydrology.
Geologists describe another part of the physical processes by addressing
groundwater movement within the planet's subterranean features. Hydrologists
are interested in obtaining measurable information and knowledge about the
water cycle. Also important is the measurement of the amount of water involved
in the transitional stages that occur as the water moves from one process
within the cycle to other processes. Hydrology, therefore, is a broad science
that utilizes information from a wide range of other sciences and integrates
them to quantify the movement of water. The fundamental tools of hydrology are
based in supporting scientific techniques that originated in mathematics, physics,
engineering, chemistry, geology, and biology. Consequently, hydrology uses
developed concepts from the sciences of meteorology, climatology, oceanography,
geography, geology, glaciology, limnology (lakes), ecology, biology, agronomy,
forestry, and other sciences that specialize in other aspects of the physical,
chemical or biological environment. Hydrology, therefore, is one of the
interdisciplinary sciences that is the basis for water resources development
and water resources management.
The global water
cycle can be described with nine major physical processes which form a
continuum of water movement. Complex pathways include the passage of water from
the gaseous envelope around the planet called the atmosphere, through the
bodies of water on the surface of earth such as the oceans, glaciers and lakes,
and at the same time (or more slowly) passing through the soil and rock layers
underground. Later, the water is returned to the atmosphere. A fundamental
characteristic of the hydrologic cycle is that it has no beginning an it has no
end. It can be studied by starting at any of the following processes:
evaporation, condensation, precipitation, interception, infiltration,
percolation, transpiration, runoff, and storage.
The information presented below is a greatly
simplified description of the major contributing physical processes. They
include:
EVAPORATION
Evaporation occurs when the physical state of water is changed from a liquid state to a gaseous state. A considerable amount of heat, about 600 calories of energy for each gram of water, is exchanged during the change of state. Typically, solar radiation and other factors such as air temperature, vapor pressure, wind, and atmospheric pressure affect the amount of natural evaporation that takes place in any geographic area. Evaporation can occur on raindrops, and on free water surfaces such as seas and lakes. It can even occur from water settled on vegetation, soil, rocks and snow. There is also evaporation caused by human activities. Heated buildings experience evaporation of water settled on its surfaces. Evaporated moisture is lifted into the atmosphere from the ocean, land surfaces, and water bodies as water vapor. Some vapor always exists in the atmosphere.
Evaporation occurs when the physical state of water is changed from a liquid state to a gaseous state. A considerable amount of heat, about 600 calories of energy for each gram of water, is exchanged during the change of state. Typically, solar radiation and other factors such as air temperature, vapor pressure, wind, and atmospheric pressure affect the amount of natural evaporation that takes place in any geographic area. Evaporation can occur on raindrops, and on free water surfaces such as seas and lakes. It can even occur from water settled on vegetation, soil, rocks and snow. There is also evaporation caused by human activities. Heated buildings experience evaporation of water settled on its surfaces. Evaporated moisture is lifted into the atmosphere from the ocean, land surfaces, and water bodies as water vapor. Some vapor always exists in the atmosphere.
CONDENSATION
Condensation is the process by which water vapor changes it's physical state from a vapor, most commonly, to a liquid. Water vapor condenses onto small airborne particles to form dew, fog, or clouds. The most active particles that form clouds are sea salts, atmospheric ions caused by lightning,and combustion products containing sulfurous and nitrous acids. Condensation is brought about by cooling of the air or by increasing the amount of vapor in the air to its saturation point. When water vapor condenses back into a liquid state, the same large amount of heat ( 600 calories of energy per gram) that was needed to make it a vapor is released to the environment.
Condensation is the process by which water vapor changes it's physical state from a vapor, most commonly, to a liquid. Water vapor condenses onto small airborne particles to form dew, fog, or clouds. The most active particles that form clouds are sea salts, atmospheric ions caused by lightning,and combustion products containing sulfurous and nitrous acids. Condensation is brought about by cooling of the air or by increasing the amount of vapor in the air to its saturation point. When water vapor condenses back into a liquid state, the same large amount of heat ( 600 calories of energy per gram) that was needed to make it a vapor is released to the environment.
PRECIPITATION
Precipitation is the process that occurs when any and all forms of water particles fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground. There are two sub-processes that cause clouds to release precipitation, the coalescence process and the ice-crystal process. As water drops reach a critical size, the drop is exposed to gravity and frictional drag. A falling drop leaves a turbulent wake behind which allows smaller drops to fall faster and to be overtaken to join and combine with the lead drop. The other sub-process that can occur is the ice-crystal formation process. It occurs when ice develops in cold clouds or in cloud formations high in the atmosphere where freezing temperatures occur. When nearby water droplets approach the crystals some droplets evaporate and condense on the crystals. The crystals grow to a critical size and drop as snow or ice pellets. Sometimes, as the pellets fall through lower elevation air, they melt and change into raindrops.
Precipitation is the process that occurs when any and all forms of water particles fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground. There are two sub-processes that cause clouds to release precipitation, the coalescence process and the ice-crystal process. As water drops reach a critical size, the drop is exposed to gravity and frictional drag. A falling drop leaves a turbulent wake behind which allows smaller drops to fall faster and to be overtaken to join and combine with the lead drop. The other sub-process that can occur is the ice-crystal formation process. It occurs when ice develops in cold clouds or in cloud formations high in the atmosphere where freezing temperatures occur. When nearby water droplets approach the crystals some droplets evaporate and condense on the crystals. The crystals grow to a critical size and drop as snow or ice pellets. Sometimes, as the pellets fall through lower elevation air, they melt and change into raindrops.
Precipitated water
may fall into a waterbody or it may fall onto land. It is then dispersed
several ways. The water can adhere to objects on or near the planet surface or
it can be carried over and through the land into stream channels, or it may
penetrate into the soil, or it may be intercepted by plants.
When rainfall is
small and infrequent, a high percentage of precipitation is returned to the
atmosphere by evaporation.
The portion of precipitation that appears in surface
streams is called runoff. Runoff may consist of component contributions from
such sources as surface runoff, subsurface runoff, or ground water runoff.
Surface runoff travels over the ground surface and through surface channels to
leave a catchment area called a drainage basin or watershed. The portion of the
surface runoff that flows over the land surface towards the stream channels is
called overland flow. The total runoff confined in the stream channels is
called the streamflow.
INTERCEPTION
Interception is the process of interrupting the movement of water in the chain of transportation events leading to streams. The interception can take place by vegetal cover or depression storage in puddles and in land formations such as rills and furrows.
Interception is the process of interrupting the movement of water in the chain of transportation events leading to streams. The interception can take place by vegetal cover or depression storage in puddles and in land formations such as rills and furrows.
When rain first
begins, the water striking leaves and other organic materials spreads over the
surfaces in a thin layer or it collects at points or edges. When the maximum
surface storage capability on the surface of the material is exceeded, the
material stores additional water in growing drops along its edges. Eventually
the weight of the drops exceed the surface tension and water falls to the
ground. Wind and the impact of rain drops can also release the water from the
organic material. The water layer on organic surfaces and the drops of water
along the edges are also freely exposed to evaporation.
Additionally, interception of water on the ground
surface during freezing and sub-freezing conditions can be substantial. The
interception of falling snow and ice on vegetation also occurs. The highest
level of interception occurs when it snows on conifer forests and hardwood
forests that have not yet lost their leaves.
INFILTRATION
Infiltration is the physical process involving movement of water through the boundary area where the atmosphere interfaces with the soil. The surface phenomenon is governed by soil surface conditions. Water transfer is related to the porosity of the soil and the permeability of the soil profile. Typically, the infiltration rate depends on the puddling of the water at the soil surface by the impact of raindrops, the texture and structure of the soil, the initial soil moisture content, the decreasing water concentration as the water moves deeper into the soil filling of the pores in the soil matrices, changes in the soil composition, and to the swelling of the wetted soils that in turn close cracks in the soil.
Water that is infiltrated and stored in the soil can
also become the water that later is evapotranspired or becomes subsurface
runoff. Infiltration is the physical process involving movement of water through the boundary area where the atmosphere interfaces with the soil. The surface phenomenon is governed by soil surface conditions. Water transfer is related to the porosity of the soil and the permeability of the soil profile. Typically, the infiltration rate depends on the puddling of the water at the soil surface by the impact of raindrops, the texture and structure of the soil, the initial soil moisture content, the decreasing water concentration as the water moves deeper into the soil filling of the pores in the soil matrices, changes in the soil composition, and to the swelling of the wetted soils that in turn close cracks in the soil.
PERCOLATION
Percolation is the movement of water though the soil, and it's layers, by gravity and capillary forces. The prime moving force of groundwater is gravity. Water that is in the zone of aeration where air exists is called vadose water. Water that is in the zone of saturation is called groundwater. For all practical purposes, all groundwater originates as surface water. Once underground, the water is moved by gravity. The boundary that separates the vadose and the saturation zones is called the water table. Usually the direction of water movement is changed from downward and a horizontal component to the movement is added that is based on the geologic boundary conditions.
Percolation is the movement of water though the soil, and it's layers, by gravity and capillary forces. The prime moving force of groundwater is gravity. Water that is in the zone of aeration where air exists is called vadose water. Water that is in the zone of saturation is called groundwater. For all practical purposes, all groundwater originates as surface water. Once underground, the water is moved by gravity. The boundary that separates the vadose and the saturation zones is called the water table. Usually the direction of water movement is changed from downward and a horizontal component to the movement is added that is based on the geologic boundary conditions.
Geologic formations in the earth's crust serve as
natural subterranean reservoirs for storing water. Others can also serve as
conduits for the movement of water. Essentially, all groundwater is in motion.
Some of it, however, moves extremely slowly. A geologic formation which
transmits water from one location to another in sufficient quantity for
economic development is called an aquifer. The movement of water is possible
because of the voids or pores in the geologic formations. Some formations
conduct water back to the ground surface. A spring is a place where the water
table reaches the ground surface. Stream channels can be in contact with an
unconfined aquifer that approach the ground surface. Water may move from the
ground into the stream, or visa versa, depending on the relative water level.
Groundwater discharges into a stream forms the base flow of the stream during
dry periods, especially during droughts. An influent stream supplies water to
an aquifer while and effluent stream receives water from the aquifer.
TRANSPIRATION
Transpiration is the biological process that occurs mostly in the day. Water inside of plants is transferred from the plant to the atmosphere as water vapor through numerous individual leave openings. Plants transpire to move nutrients to the upper portion of the plants and to cool the leaves exposed to the sun. Leaves undergoing rapid transpiration can be significantly cooler than the surrounding air. Transpiration is greatly affected by the species of plants that are in the soil and it is strongly affected by the amount of light to which the plants are exposed. Water can be transpired freely by plants until a water deficit develops in the plant and it water-releasing cells (stomata) begin to close. Transpiration then continues at a must slower rate. Only a small portion of the water that plants absorb are retained in the plants.
Transpiration is the biological process that occurs mostly in the day. Water inside of plants is transferred from the plant to the atmosphere as water vapor through numerous individual leave openings. Plants transpire to move nutrients to the upper portion of the plants and to cool the leaves exposed to the sun. Leaves undergoing rapid transpiration can be significantly cooler than the surrounding air. Transpiration is greatly affected by the species of plants that are in the soil and it is strongly affected by the amount of light to which the plants are exposed. Water can be transpired freely by plants until a water deficit develops in the plant and it water-releasing cells (stomata) begin to close. Transpiration then continues at a must slower rate. Only a small portion of the water that plants absorb are retained in the plants.
Vegetation generally retards evaporation from the
soil. Vegetation that is shading the soil, reduces the wind velocity. Also,
releasing water vapor to the atmosphere reduces the amount of direct
evaporation from the soil or from snow or ice cover. The absorption of water
into plant roots, along with interception that occurs on plant surfaces offsets
the general effects that vegetation has in retarding evaporation from the soil.
The forest vegetation tends to have more moisture than the soil beneath the
trees.
RUNOFF
Runoff is flow from a drainage basin or watershed that appears in surface streams. It generally consists of the flow that is unaffected by artificial diversions, storages or other works that society might have on or in a stream channel. The flow is made up partly of precipitation that falls directly on the stream , surface runoff that flows over the land surface and through channels, subsurface runoff that infiltrates the surface soils and moves laterally towards the stream, and groundwater runoff from deep percolation through the soil horizons. Part of the subsurface flow enters the stream quickly, while the remaining portion may take a longer period before joining the water in the stream. When each of the component flows enter the stream, they form the total runoff. The total runoff in the stream channels is called streamflow and it is generally regarded as direct runoff or base flow.
Runoff is flow from a drainage basin or watershed that appears in surface streams. It generally consists of the flow that is unaffected by artificial diversions, storages or other works that society might have on or in a stream channel. The flow is made up partly of precipitation that falls directly on the stream , surface runoff that flows over the land surface and through channels, subsurface runoff that infiltrates the surface soils and moves laterally towards the stream, and groundwater runoff from deep percolation through the soil horizons. Part of the subsurface flow enters the stream quickly, while the remaining portion may take a longer period before joining the water in the stream. When each of the component flows enter the stream, they form the total runoff. The total runoff in the stream channels is called streamflow and it is generally regarded as direct runoff or base flow.
STORAGE
There are three basic locations of water storage that occur in the planetary water cycle. Water is stored in the atmosphere; water is stored on the surface of the earth, and water stored in the ground.
There are three basic locations of water storage that occur in the planetary water cycle. Water is stored in the atmosphere; water is stored on the surface of the earth, and water stored in the ground.
Water stored in the atmosphere can be moved relatively
quickly from one part of the planet to another part of the planet. The type of
storage that occurs on the land surface and under the ground largely depend on
the geologic features related to the types of soil and the types of rocks
present at the storage locations. Storage occurs as surface storage in oceans,
lakes, reservoirs, and glaciers; underground storage occurs in the soil, in
aquifers, and in the crevices of rock formations.
The movement of
water through the eight other major physical processes of the water cycle can
be erratic. On average, water the atmosphere is renewed every 16 days. Soil
moisture is replaced about every year. Globally, waters in wetlands are
replaced about every 5 years while the residence time of lake water is about 17
years. In areas of low development by society, groundwater renewal can exceed
1,400 years. The uneven distribution and movement of water over time, and the
spatial distribution of water in both geographic and geologic areas, can cause
extreme phenomena such as floods and droughts to occur.
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